Pets Should Be Treated Like Family

Yannick Sanchez Pets should be treated like family members I agree with the statement that pats should be treated like family members because they live with us, in our home and we have to take care of them. For example a dog is in more than one way similar to a little child who can not do anything by himself. We have to provide them food, home and if needed medical support. It is trus that a dog would never be as much important as a child would but we can not neglect them either. Another example to show how important can a pet be is the relation he coult have with the children.I personally had a dog when I was a child and he was always by my side, taking care of me. He was a friend and a part of my family. That is why I think they could be important for the children and behave like a protector. They also have a sort a sixth sense that can feel when a person is worried and provide you support just like a human being would. An additional fact that make me think the pets are just like f amily members is the dogs for blind people. These dogs are one of the most important thing he their life because they are the key for their social life.Once again these pets are as much important as the family who can not be 24/7 to help them. We can also take the example of an old couple who is retired. They now live alone and a plenty of time to spend. Having a pet can occupy them and can also protect them. In that way they are like a new member of the family who need to be taken care of. In conclusion I think that pets and particularly dogs should be treated just like a family member for all that they give us and support they could be for certain people.

Dunkin Donuts Marketing Plan Essay

Founded first as a restaurant called Open Kettle, it was later renamed to Dunkin Donuts in 1950 by William Rosenberg and Stephen So in Quincy, Massachusetts. Dunkin Donuts has become most famous for its donuts over the years, as well as their coffee. They have approximately 3,000 restaurants in the US and around the world, and sell 2.5 million donuts every day. Dunkin Donuts has evolved into one of Forbes magazine â€Å"Top 10 Global Fast-Food Chains†, and tops the lists of other noted industry websites and magazines. Recently, Dunkin Donuts has changed the way they want customers to think about them by incorporating the tag line â€Å"America Runs On Dunkin†, and adding new menu items, to their marketing strategy. This tag line was introduced to focus on their coffee being a cheaper, down home alternative to the more expensive competitor, Starbucks. This tagline focuses on the fact that Dunkin Donuts is a broader â€Å"beverage company† and gains most of it†™s profits from beverages. Read more: How many words in a 10-minute speech. A.Market Description While all of the food choices and beverage choices offered at Dunkin Donuts can appeal to any age, we feel it’s best to focus on college students at the University of Iowa right now. College students are known for pulling â€Å"all-nighters† to cram for their hardest midterm the next morning, or to write their 20-page research paper the night before it’s due. What’s more appealing than being able to get their cup of coffee, or favorite beverage to help stay awake than from Dunkin Donuts? Another reason we want to focus on targeting college students is because they are known to have unique schedules. They eat at odd times of the day, and are also looking for a range of snack foods, rather than full meals, to satisfy their cravings. There are currently no Dunkin Donut franchises on campus, but there was one just built in Coralville (neighboring town, 10 minute drive to the DD). This Dunkin Donuts only has a smaller target market, since it is not right in the college town and only students who have cars can travel to get their drinks and snacks. We want to integrate our franchise into one of the main buildings on campus to show students that purchasing our coffee is a better option; it is more affordable, easily accessible and offers a range of menu choices, something that competitors don’t do as well today. B.Benefits and Product Features The Iowa campus has offers many benefits of why Dunkin Donuts should open a store here. One of the key benefits that Dunkin Donuts offers is the diverse set of menu offerings. They have created an appealing menu for any time of year. For example, Dunkin’s coffee is served hot, frozen, or iced, every day of the year. Another key benefit that would help Dunkin Donuts be successful in Iowa City is the affordability. Dunkin Donuts is known to have different promotions going on that makes their products cheaper, and even when their promos aren’t happening, their coffee is still more affordable than Starbucks’s coffee (also located on campus). Now I want to talk about some of Dunkin Donut’s products. Product features are what sets your company apart from another, and it is important to point out that Dunkin Donuts has a wide variety of products. They serve hot, iced, frozen, and at home brewing products so that their products appeal to every type of customer. On the food side of products, there are both breakfast sandwiches and bakery sandwiches, bakery cooked goods, and even hash browns and oatmeal. Dunkin Donuts features many different products, which makes it a good place for any consumer to take their business. C.Product Review Dunkin Donuts provides a wide range of beverages and food items on their menu. First off, their beverages range from hot beverages, to iced beverages, to frozen beverages, and even to at home brewing beverages. In the humid, hot summers in Iowa City, students will be able to purchase their iced coffee or iced tea to cool off before class. In the freezing cold winters, students can warm up by purchasing their large latte or warm apple cider. If consumers in Iowa City are not coffee drinkers, they are able to opt to frozen â€Å"coolattas† in a variety of fruit flavors. Dunkin Donuts also offers a wide variety of bakery items and sandwiches on their menu. The bakery items are sure to capture any consumers taste cravings by offering their famous donuts, bagels, muffins, hash browns, and more. The sandwiches on the menu can be for breakfast, or lunch sandwiches. On the sandwiches, you can choose if you want your meat to be bacon, sausage, ham, Angus steak, or turkey sausage. They are served on any type of bakery item included on their menu. This shows there are so many options for sandwiches, and even ranging to a few vegan sandwiches with just eggs or spinach. As for lunch sandwiches, you can choose from ham, turkey, grilled cheese, chicken salad, chicken, and tuna salad. This proves that Dunkin Donuts will satisfy any college student’s food craving by appealing to everyone’s appetite and drink needs. D.Competitive Review On campus, competition is fierce for student business. The biggest competition in Iowa City is Starbucks. Starbucks appeals to students in the area because of their well-known, national brand name. They like to appeal to consumers by offering a premium blend of coffees, as well as smoothies, teas, and bakery items. Also, Starbucks is a known hotspot with free wireless Internet, which tends to bring in the typical college student looking for a place to study. On the other hand, Iowa City is well known for their local coffee shops. One of these locally owned competitors is The Java House. The Java House attracts older customers rather than students, but a good amount of students still take their business there. They are similar to any other coffee shop, offering different blends of coffees, as well as bakery items to eat. The Java House is known for their artwork and interesting atmosphere in their shops, which makes it stand out to a chain company. Two other local coffee shops are TSpoons and Capanna. They both attract a fair amount of students as well. Both of these shops offer students a refuge to study instead of going to the library and a good cup of joe, along with a quick snack. A last form of competition Dunkin Donuts would be competing with in Iowa City would be other fast food restaurants. Places like The Pita Pit, Jimmy Johns, and Which Wich all offer breakfast and lunch sandwiches for on the go college students. Jimmy John’s catch phrase is â€Å"Freaky Fast†, for example. When it comes to coffee and sandwiches, Iowa City has a good amount of competition in the area for Dunkin Donuts to compete with. III.SWOT Analysis A.Strengths Dunkin Donuts has many strengths in the way that they market their food and drinks. First, Dunkin Donuts has a wide variety of items for customers choose from. Not every coffee shop in the area has their range of drinks on their menu, as well as the amount of breakfast sandwiches and famous donuts on their menu. This aspect of Dunkin Donuts is a definite internal strength to help the company reach their objectives. Another strength Dunkin Donuts has is that they are a major global company. They have franchises in numerous other countries other than the United States, and most people around the world know the company’s name. This strength also helps the company be able to market on the television and signs on the street, which is a major advantage from competitors. Another strength is that there is strong brand loyalty within their customers. Just like their biggest competitor, Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts has customers who love their service and products so much that they refuse to go elsewhere for their cup of coffee in the morning or snack in the afternoon. This sense of loyalty is what Dunkin Donuts has accomplished over the years and is a major marketing strength. B.Weakness Dunkin Donuts has a few internal weaknesses that have interfered with the company’s ability to reach their objectives. First: they have not developed into emerging economies. Introducing their franchises into emerging economies could make the company more profitable than they already are. A second weakness Dunkin Donuts has is limited market share growth due to increased competition from other sales in the industry. This limited market share growth shows that Dunkin Donuts is very competitive with others in the industry and is not growing their revenues as fast as others in the industry. One last weakness facing Dunkin Donuts is the struggles with franchise owners in different parts of the world. There have been numerous instances where Dunkin Donuts franchise owners have been sued by the company because of disagreements. These fights make the company look dysfunctional internally, and take their focus and dollars away from their customers. C.Opportunity Dunkin Donuts has many opportunities to make their company even more successful than it already is. One major opportunity Dunkin Donuts could do is introduce low calorie snacks to their menu. In recent years, consumers have started to feel the need to eat healthier and not eat at fast food restaurants as often as in past years. If Dunkin Donuts introduced a healthier side to their menu, they could gain many more customers. Another opportunity is to increase their market to newer countries and economies. The world is growing exponentially right now and a great thought to create more revenue would be to open franchises in these new, uprising countries. Another opportunity in today’s market to increase customers is to start using effective online marketing strategies. Life today is all about the cyber world, and almost every country around the world has access to the Internet or computers. As effective as television commercials and advertisements on billboards are, Dunkin Donuts could further their marketing plans by extending advertisements to cyber space. D.Threats In every market, there are external threats in the world that companies cannot control. One of the largest threats in the fast food world is the threat of customers moving to healthier ways of eating. The world has finally realized that greasy fries and sugary drinks are not going to keep you healthy. Dunkin Donuts has a fair amount of healthier options on their menu, but the majority of products are greasy, sugary, and calorie filled treats. If Dunkin Donuts realizes this threat, they could change their menu for the better to attract the health conscious customer. Another threat for this company is the recent increase in raw materials. Pricing is very important in a company, and with this increase in materials, the company has had to increase prices. This is not Dunkin Donut’s fault, but customers may see it in that way. Another huge threat is the constant competition from other cafes and local joints. In the Iowa City area, specifically, the number of local coffee shops outnumbers the large chain shops. Many consumers like the thought that they aren’t giving all their money to large franchises and prefer to take their business to the locally owned spots. If Dunkin Donuts finds ways to decrease these external threats, they could make their company even more successful than it already is. Strengths Wide range of products for consumers to choose from Global company Strong customer brand loyalty Opportunities Introduction of lower calorie menu Expand market to new countries and emerging economies Use of effective online marketing strategies Weaknesses Have not developed into emerging economies Limited market share growth due to competition Fights/suits with franchise owners Threats Trend of people eating healthier Increase in prices of raw materials makes menu prices higher Constant competition from local coffee and cafà © joints

In what ways do Leonardo and Bazarov act as catalysts inchanging family structure in the texts Blood Wedding and Fathers and Sons?

In this essay, I will be focussing on the characters of Leonardo and Bazarov, in their respective texts, and how they act as catalysts in changing family structure, so that by the end of the text, the family unit is different from what it was in the beginning. I will also analyse their characters and examine their impact on the plots of the two texts, and their role in plot development. In particular, I will analyse the character's words, and the tone of voice in which they speak; this will help in analysing their specific character traits. This analysis will help me in understanding their impact on character and plot development, which leads to them acting as catalysts in changing their respective family structures. It should be noted that while the text Fathers and Sons features many families that are important to the plot, I will be specifically looking at Bazarov's impact on Arcady's family; as well as the impact on his own family. In the text Blood Wedding, I will be looking at Leonardo's impact on his family and on the Bridegroom's family. In the text Fathers and Sons, when Nicholas is waiting for Arcady, we see him as a very happy person as he eagerly anticipates the arrival of his son. However, when Arcady introduces Bazarov, we notice a change in Nicholas's character. He appears to be withdrawn, and he does not converse as openly with Arcady as he would normally. There is one incident when Bazarov offers Arcady a cigar, Arcady accepts it and when he lights it, Nicholas turns his head away. This foreshadows that the introduction of Bazarov, to the Kisranov family, will cause a gap between Nicholas and Arcady. Similarly in the text Blood Wedding, the text opens with a conversation between Mother and Bridegroom. The conversation leads to the topic of knives that involves the Felix family of which Leonardo is a member. The topic of knives foreshadows the violence and bloodshed that is to arise. The mention of the name Leonardo Felix leads to a small dispute between the Mother and the Bridegroom. Though the dispute is small, it hints of the trouble that Leonardo is likely to cause. In the text Fathers and Sons, when Bazarov has left with Arcady to go freshen up, Paul talks to Nicholas about Bazarov. We get the impression that Paul does not like Bazarov very much. Even though it may not be Bazarov's fault directly, we can see that his presence causes some tension in the family; it causes some change in Paul's mood. As we can see from the following quotation, Paul does not focus on welcoming Arcady, but he focuses on criticizing Bazarov. â€Å"Is he staying with us?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"That hairy creature?† † The use of the words â€Å"Hairy creature† are spoken with a tone of contempt thus creating an overall sense of tension and hostility. In the text Blood Wedding tone is also important for example when the Neighbour and Mother are talking, the Mother finds out that the Bride had a relationship with Leonardo. At the mention of the name Felix, the mother flares up in anger. It's not Leonardo's fault that he is a Felix but the fact that he is a Felix causes great anger in the Mother and a drastic change in her mood. The mother does not ‘welcome' the marriage with complete love and affection, but instead with hostility and animosity. In the text Blood Wedding there is a section where Leonardo, Wife and Mother-in-law are having a conversation. In this particular conversation the girl comes in and tells them what the Bridegroom is buying for the Bride. Leonardo is very rude and unpleasant. â€Å"What do we care† â€Å"Did I ask for your opinion? â€Å"Leave me alone† â€Å"Why can't you just shut up?† These are four of his lines in that particular scene. As we can see his words are very harsh, and he employs a very defensive tone, by the use of questions. He ignores his wife's pleas and just storms out of the house without a word to where he is going. It seems that Leonardo does not really care about his family at all. This indicates that Leonardo's family is breaking down; we can see abrasive feelings between Leonardo and mother-in-law. However, change is not always negative. In the text Fathers and Sons, Bazarov changes Arcady's family structure in a positive way. Bazarov persuades Arcady to accept an invitation meant for Nicholas. Arcady accepted and he went with Bazarov into town. While the two were having lunch at Eudoxia Kukshin's residence, she mentioned a name; Madame Odintzov. Bazarov was interested in Madame Odintzov, as she was described as very attractive; and Sitnikov said that he would introduce Bazarov and Arcady to Madame Odintzov. It is at Madame Odintzov's abode where Arcady met Katya, whom he ends up marrying. â€Å"†¦it was noticeable that Nicholas Petrovich had already become devotedly attached to her.† We can see that Katya has ‘fitted-in' with the Petrovich family. So we can therefore say that Bazarov is indirectly responsible for Arcady's marriage to Katya, hence changing Arcady's family. In the text Blood Wedding; after the bride and bridegroom have left for the wedding, only Leonardo and his wife remain. They have a conversation that shows distance between Leonardo his wife. Wife wants to go to the church by cart and Leonardo wants to go by horse. They have a short argument that is clearly symbolic of the unhappy, troubled marriage between the two of them. â€Å"WIFE: And I have no intention of going to a wedding without my husband. I can't take much more of this. LEORNADO: That makes two of us. WIFE: Why do you look at me like that? As though you had a dagger in each eye.† The wife says that she can't take much more of this, this signifying the marriage. Why can't she take more of her marriage? It is because of Leonardo. He has not been shown to be a very attentive husband, as depicted by his choice of words. The wife can't take much more of the marriage and Leonardo replies by saying that he feels the same. We would expect the husband in a marriage to counter the wife when she feels this way, however Leonardo just agrees with his wife. The fact that he can't take much more of the marriage shows that he wants to break free of the bonds of marriage. This is an implication of things to come later on in the text. Leonardo is implying that he wants a divorce or another wife, and by doing so he is proceeding to change his family structure. The metaphor used by the Wife (dagger in each eye) goes only to emphasise the distance and hostility felt by Wife from Leonardo as well as foreshadowing the violent conclusion of the play. Leonardo is still in love with Bride, and the wife is all that stands between him and the Bride. Thus he looks at the Wife in such a way that she might leave him alone. At the end of the text, Leonardo does achieve what he wanted; freedom to do as he pleases without worrying about the rules of society. However, this freedom came at a great price to Leonardo – his life. And it is through his death that he changed his family structure. Similarly in the text Fathers and Sons, Bazarov's death inadvertently changes his own family structure. After his first visit home, he leaves too soon; we see this has an impact on his parents, they are saddened and depressed. Bazarov's death finished the change; he was the centre of their life and now he is gone; it is no longer a family, just a husband and wife. His parents as shown when Arcady and Bazarov first visit Bazarov's home were once very lively and full of energy, and very excited and joyful. However, after his death (towards the end of the last paragraph of the text), we see Bazarov's parents as being very quiet and withdrawn. They no longer have that motivation (their son) to live. All they want to do is linger by his grave reminiscing over the memories they have of him as is shown by the quote: â€Å"†¦unable to tear themselves away from this spot where they feel themselves so close to their son and their memories of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of hyperbole goes to show the extreme love that Bazarov's parents had for him and the extent to which their lives have changed now that he is gone. So in conclusion, we see that Leonardo and Bazarov do act as catalysts in changing family structure in their respective texts. Although they cannot strictly be called catalysts because they do not remain unchanged; their presence in the respective texts does have an impact on the characters, as well as the plot.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA - Lab Report Example DNA is the double stranded helical structure which carries the genetic information. The study of the DNA molecule will give us the details about life. DNA molecules can be extracted from the cell using the extraction techniques and they are then quantified using the agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragment is separated in the Agarose based on the pore size (that is the concentration of the agarose), the voltage applied, the molecular size of the DNA molecule and the conformation of the DNA. The smaller molecules a move downwards in the gel faster than the larger molecules and the separation occurs based on the size of the DNA. If high voltage is applied, then the migration will be faster but the separation of the DNA fragments will not be clear. (Westermeier 2006). So, 110 volts for 30- 45 minutes is usually applied for the separation of the DNA fragments in the gel. The agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA molecule showed distinct bands in the lanes 4,5 and 6 indicating that only a single DNA is present in the sample. Introduction: Doeoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer consisting of base, sugar and a phosphate bond. The sugar is always deoxy- ribose in case of DNA and the base will be a purine or pyrimidine molecule: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine or Thymine. Phosphate molecule connects the two nucleosides. DNA is a covalently linked structure which is helical in shape. DNA is a double helical structure held together by the hydrogen bonds. DNA carries the genetic information. ... Since DNA are acidic in nature, they migrate towards the positive pole when exposed to an electric field. The pore sixe of agarose sieve is determined by the concentration of agarose. Agarose gels are made with a concentration varying from 0.7- 1.5%. DNA in a neutral solution is negatively charged. (Williamson and Campbell 1997). So if an electric field is applied to the DNA, it will move towards the anode pole from the cathode pole. Based on the fragment size, the rate of migration will be inversely proportional to the fragment size. The smaller fragments will move faster than the larger ones and the distance moved by the fragments are measured by using the molecular marker. Molecular marker is the standard DNA fragment sizes which act as the standards to measure the molecular weight of the DNA fragments. Thus by providing constant voltage into the agarose gel, we are able to separate the DNA fragments based on their molecular weight. (Westermeier 2006). Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA is a very simple and reproducible technique. The mobility of the DNA molecule in neutral solution was independent of the size of the fragment but varied with the ionic strength .The DNA fragments of up to 40 kilo base pair can be separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. (Williamson and Campbell 1997). The DNA fragments get separated based on molecular size, the current applied, concentration of Agarose and the conformation of the DNA. Agarose is a copolymer containing 1,3-linked ?-D-galactose and 1,4-linked 3,6- anhydro-?-L-galactose linked together by the junction zones and joined by the hydrogen bonds. (Stellwagen 2009). A standard ladder is used to identify the size of the fragments. In

What should people set there goals in life Essay

What should people set there goals in life - Essay Example Setting and achieving goals translate to the feelings of accomplishment and success life. This spurs greater confidence and productivity. Setting goals in life helps propel and individual forward. When the goal is written down a alongside it dates of accomplishment, it makes an individual something to plan and work for, towards its achievement. Additionally, proper goal setting enables one to break what might have seemed large and intimidating into something small, hence easily achievable. The small milestones that one starts with enhance the achievement of greater aspirations in life. Another import aspect of setting personal goals is that it enhances the belief in oneself. This helps in fuelling ambitions and the inspiration necessary for aiming for great things in life. On the same note, setting personal goals facilitate an individual to be accountable for failures that might arise. These goals go a long way to helping an individual to evaluate the milestones achieved during specified time duration. It is also imperative to note and take into account that goals help an individual know what they truly want in life. Depending on an individual’s desires, goal give that sense of direction towards what should be accomplished. Lastly, a person who has set goals has the ability to live their life, in the desired lifestyle, to the fullest. This is achieved through the accomplishment s realised out of every moment spent alive. Therefore, it is imperative to note that in order to have fulfilment in life, people should set goals that enable them live

Ex-Offenders Transitioning Back into Society Research Paper

Ex-Offenders Transitioning Back into Society - Research Paper Example This essay asks that is once a criminal always be a criminal? Are there no chances left for a criminal to reform and lead a normal life? These are the questions faced by the society today. America has only 5 percent of the global population and yet 25 percent of the world’s prison population. America has 2.3 million prisoners behind bars and 5.1 million people on parole. A teaming population of 9 million ex-prisoners are reentering the American society every year. These people have already â€Å"paid their debt to the society† for committing crime and now it is society’s turn to provide them a chance to earn for their livelihood, lead normal life and become good citizens. This paper makes a conclusion that ex-prisoners form a sizeable population of workforce and their inclusion in the job market will give a fillip to the nation’s economy which is under strain. If the opportunities for employment and the other supports are denied to them, nearly half the number of ex-prisoners may return to prisons which will cost heavily on tax payers money and national exchequer. The staggering cost of maintaining prisons and prisoners have already touched $49 billion and if this allowed to increase it will add another $25 billion by the end of 2011.The nation cannot afford to spend $65000 per prisoner which can rather be spent on welfare measures of ex-prisoners and on creating employment opportunities for them thereby reducing recidivism.

Outsourcing and Manufacturing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outsourcing and Manufacturing - Assignment Example In addition, labor shortages in the manufacturing industry may compel them to outsource their services. This is mostly evident in china where most individuals are opting to remain in the rural areas due to the rising costs in urban areas (Loyalka, 2012). The fact that their population is fast aging is also a compelling factor for manufacturing industries in the country to outsource. For America to succeed, it ought to educate most of its students mostly in science, engineering, math, and technology (Malone, 2012). This is because most of the manufacturing positions are lacking applicants due to unavailability of the necessary skills required to partake those manufacturing jobs. Moreover, for a manager to succeed in the 21st century, they ought to have a good working relation with their employees to enable them fish out and solve any arising problems. The managers also ought to be on the lookout for any sign of labor shortage or increased cost of production that might bring their organization down. Where need be, the managers should outsource some of the services that they find expensive for their companies to

PROJECT CHARTER, SCOPE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROJECT CHARTER, SCOPE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example In addition, more than 2000 employees are currently working for Alotaibi Business Group. Moreover, this company wants to train their staff, they have to send them to third party training centers. In this scenario these training centers charge a lot of money for staff skills development and training. Thus, there is a great deal of need for building a staff training center at business premises because it will help Alotaibi Business Group save a lot of money by offering proper skills management and training to their staff. In addition, the absence of training center requires from Alotaibi Business Group to send their employees to outside the organization training centers and it is very costly for the reason that Alotaibi Business Group has a staff of 2000 people. The establishment of a new training center at the Alotaibi Business Group premises will offer an excellent support for in-house staff training and handling. It will also offer an excellent support for management of staff working and operations. In fact, the development of this training center will potentially reduce the overall human resource training cost to 50%. So there are a lot of new opportunities for the business such as cost reduction, time and money saving and so many more. This project will have some exclusion. These elements will not be a part of this project or a training center. The first element is the recruitment of a staff trainer that will not be a part of this project. Here this project will not entitle any process of recruiting new staff members and their interviews. The next important factor is that this project will not involve the staff food and eating arrangement. Here we will not be responsible for arranging refreshment or lunch for the staff. The successful establishment of a new training center for Alotaibi Business Group will offer them a lot of benefits. In this scenario, one of the

Economic (OPEC Research Project) Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic (OPEC Project) - Research Paper Example This is because oil price is based on US dollar. The change in the value of dollar and how the currency of the importing nation is adjusted with the value of dollar determines the price and hence the demand for oil (Elekdag, 2007) OPEC try to maintain stability in oil supply by decreasing or increasing the amount of oil its member countries produce. They have spare capacity of oil production. OPEC has 80% of the oil reserves in the world. This enables them to supply oil to meet increased demand (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2010). The economic growth in many countries is enhancing the demand for oil. The world is dependent on oil as an energy source because alternative sources of energy are not available and those that are available are expensive. United States leads in oil import. The increasing number of vehicles and increase in population has increased the demand for oil (Elekdag, 2007). The world’s most powerful countries are dependent on OPEC for their oil supply. OPEC has oligopoly in the oil market. They have an impact on industrial society. They have a big role to play in the economic development of nations. Their power is demonstrated by the fact that the economies of the world will come to a standstill if they stop their oil supply. They can use this fact for their political advantage to increase their power and control the powerful economies of the world (Goodlaw & Et. Al., 2003). The Federal government has not been able to change their energy policies because the dependence on oil of these countries has not yet been reduced. Alternative sources of energy are not available. The energy policy is a sensitive issue and thus they could not afford to bring about a major change that could result in difficult situations (Obama Biden, 2010). The Federal policy should be reviewed. Overdependence on oil makes the country vulnerable and threatens national security. Alternative sources of energy like biofuels should be used.

NFL Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NFL Public Relations - Essay Example The game is also dominant in America because fans love the game, not only their teams. It is a social game that is practiced since childhood and the love develops henceforth. The game has also been promoted to dominance by the NFL community which is united in promoting the game. Henceforth NFL has recognized the effort of players, former players, coaches and the management as ambassadors of the game. NFL has also made efforts to market the game outside America which has helped it earn more fans in America and in the whole world. The success of the game since the 1980s has been attributed to good management that has enabled to market it among its fans through improved public relations. One of the men who have been accredited with improving the public relations of the game has been Rogers Goodell. Roger S. Goodell was born on February 19, 1959 in Jamestown, New York. He is the son of the late US senator Charles E. Goodell who was a republican form New York. The Goodell family moved to New York in 1971. He was a sport star while in Bronxville High School and played football, basketball, and baseball. He was captain of the three teams and was declared an athlete of the year while in Bronxville School. From high school, he joined Washington Jefferson College in Pennsylvania, Washington and graduated with a degree in Economics in 1981. In 1982, Goodell began his career in NF... He rose in ranks quickly and in 1987, he was appointed assistant president of the American Football Conference who was then Lamar Hunt. He worked under the commission Paul Taglibue executing various football and business roles. He was later appointed the executive Vice President of the NFL and in 2001 appointed the Chief Operating Officer. Goodell was chosen on August 8 2006 to succeed Paul Tagliabue who had served the league for a long time and Goodell assumed office on September 1 2006. Tagliabue is attributed to having led the league well and it was during his tenure that revenues skyrocketed for the 17 years he was at the helm of the office. It is estimated that the league will collect about $10 billion mainly on TV rights for the next 6 years under the leadership of Goodell and the base laid by Taglibue. Goodell had a lot of effects on NFL during his tenure as a commissioner. According to Broncos (2006), he led the 1994 initiative for rules, created senor football operations, introduced the instant replay system and restructured the officiating department. He is attributed to having improved the league image especially on public relation. He is attributed of having instilled discipline in the league. In April 2007, he announced a person Conduct Policy and consequently a number of players were suspended for having broken the Personal Conduct Policy. According to Williamson (2007), among the victims of the policy initially were Tennessee Tiatnce Pacman Jones and Cincinnati Bangals Chris Henry. By August 2007, Goodell had suspended four players on matter of their conduct both in field and off-field. In his tenure as a commissioner, he also addressed the drug problem. The use of drug in the league had

Competitor Analysis- Mcdonald's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competitor Analysis- Mcdonald's - Research Paper Example It operates correspondingly through a chain of restaurants, company operated and franchised across the world. Michael Porter presented a framework for analyzing competitor. The key aspects that Porter discussed are Competitors objective, Competitors assumptions, Competitors strategy and his Capabilities. In simple terms one should analyze his competitor’s strengths and weaknesses to draft his own strategy. Although both the fast food giants belong to the same family, but have specialization in different nature of products served. McDonald’s are famous for their Hamburgers and other’s in the Burger family, while KFC specializes in fried chicken. Both the corporations have the same geographical reach in the world and strong brand recognition. To its added advantage McDonald’s is listed in the NYSE giving it room for more growth through access to an enormous fund pool (McDonald’s Official Website, 2011; Porter, 2004). Toady due to its rapid expansion M cDonald’s have its presence in 119 countries with an employee base above 400,000 worldwide. KFC on the other hand has similar presence but with an employee base little above 25,000. It may be small in size but has been the most successful fried chicken chain in the world. Due to his excellence in chicken products it has not faced any social issues till date. Chicken is the most consumed protein in the world with none social or religious restrictions placed upon it. KFC has faced certain protests from animal rights groups. McDonald’s has also seen the same from these organisations. On the contrary McDonald’s apart from animal rights organisation have witnessed many social and religious obstacles throughout the world. McDonald’s specializes in Hamburgers, but the fact that it is completely banned in Islam, Muslims across the world refuse to eat it. Therefore the company has limited its product range in the Muslim world. Further McDonald’s has faced i ssues with Hindus especially in India who refuse to eat Meat on religious grounds. This again has forced McDonald’s to cut back its product range. None of these issues have been faced by KFC, and hence it has a steady and strong growth trend across the world (KFC Official Website, 2011). KFC is a private corporation and is not listed as McDonald’s; its financial results are unavailable. Still its magnificent power can be witnessed as it is present in almost similar capacity and has maintained its strength in the Fast Food sector all over the world. Based on McDonald’s capacity to capture such revenues and the pace of its expansion, due to exposure to a massive fund pool being listed at the NYSE, it can be said that McDonald’s have overpowered many Fast Food networks on the planet. It can be advocated that KFC’s policy of slow expansion or its ability to have its corporate presence in many countries without being listed, is in itself a remarkable ac hievement. There is a huge possibility that such policy might change and in a situation of a price war between the giants, KFC has definitely the ability to challenge McDonald’s on all fronts. McDonald’s should show resilience in drafting strategies for corporate expansion; as such moves require a lot of investments. In case of any turbulence in the economic environment or KFC’s idea to get listed materializes, it would ring alarms towards McDonald’s to have in its grip a lot of liquidity so should it be in a price war situation with KFC. As McDonald’

The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court on ‘Hazelwood’ Essay Both judges and school officials have been thinking about and dealing with the nature of students’ rights to free speech through the 1970s and 1980s, since Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Dist., the 1969 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that acknowledged student rights. Stating that students do not â€Å"shed their constitutional rights . . . at the schoolhouse gate† (393 U.S. at 506), the Court upheld the right of three Des Moines high school students to wear black armbands as a peaceful symbol of opposition to the Vietnam war. . . . The Court’s ruling and reasoning subsequently were applied to student expression other than the wearing of armbands, from theater productions to art shows, from school assemblies to student publications. . . . The Supreme Court, balancing students’ constitutional freedoms and administrators’ traditional responsibilities, said in Tinker that school officials could not stop expression simply because they disliked it. . . . Student journalists’ efforts to gain press freedom experienced a major setback on January 13, 1988, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier that school administrators could censor a school-sponsored newspaper. Just as Tinker had started an era of expanded student rights, so Hazelwood signals a departure that could lead toward more restriction of students’ expression. The Hazelwood principal believed that the stories he censored—accounts of unnamed, pregnant students and a report on the impact of parental divorce on students—were unfair and inappropriate for teenagers. He was concerned that the â€Å"anonymous† students could be identified, that the school would appear to be condoning teenage pregnancy, and that divorced parents criticized should be consulted prior to publication. . . . Instead of ruling narrowly on student newspapers, the Court in Hazelwood gave discretion to school officials to: 1. Serve as publisher. . . . 2. Censor, if there is a â€Å"reasonable† educational justification, any expression that does not properly reflect the school’s educational mission. The Court called it reasonable to censor a newspaper story that school officials believe is not â€Å"fair,† expression that deals with â€Å"sensitive topics,† and content that is â€Å"ungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or profane, or unsuitable for immature audiences.† 3. Use this power to control expression through any school-sponsored activity. Legal distinctions between class-produced and extra-curricular publications disappeared. Theater production, art shows, debates, and pep rallies are just some of the schoolsponsored activities now under tighter control. . . . 4. Review student expression in advance, even when no guidelines define what will or will not be censored. Constitution of the United States, Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

A Dissertation About Issues In logistics management

A Dissertation About Issues In logistics management 1. Introduction: This dissertation is about logistics management. It is a part of the supply chain management which involves with the inflow, outflow, procurement, maintenance and storage of goods and services. The supply chain exists between starting point to delivery point. As mentioned by Ackerman (2000), Logistic management basically means having a right thing, in the right place at the right time. This project is focus on the activities of manager of famous company to perform in order to make the organisation a success. In todays environment there is a need to stay updated in order to know the flaws in business, to think at the right time and act accordingly. There is always a complexity in dealing with the ever-changing customer requirements, their expectations relating to price, competitions in the economy and so on. All these have to be met efficiently in order to cope up with the situation. The success of a goods or service depends on how well strengthens of the distribution strategy is studied and how the suppliers, markets, storage and transportation are dealt with right strategy. The upcoming areas deal with the entire process involved in the transformation of a raw material into the ultimate finished product. Logistics management presents a v ariety of tools to understand the logistics in effective decision making and how it goes in relating the broader issues in the entire supply chain thereby finding out ways and means in achieving the strategic goals (Ackerman, 2000). The company that is selected here is Tolam Logistics which is located in Hong Kong. It was established in 1996 by Mr. Eric Lam who had about 20 years experience in freight and transportation. The TLs provide One Stop shop logistics services by all type of facility of logistics like storage, delivery, custom clearance etc. The TLs main customers included Toshiba, Sanyo, Kleon, Fujis air conditioner and Plasma Televisions. It had a warehouse of 100,000 sq. ft. and owns around 32 trucks. The staff strength resulted to around 100 including permanent staffs (Magee, 1985). Tolam Logistics is a logistics company engaged in the distribution of goods that are received at its warehouse. The main points that we focussed here is warehousing and distribution. The objective of this case study is to discuss its objectives, strategies and methods employed in: Transportation planning: TL uses its own trucks to transport the goods without depending on outsourcing of transport. Only when the demand exceeds its transport facilities it does not hesitate to make use of outsourcing and in situations where the demand is low it has no problem to put its trucks idle. They use their trucks in such situations to generate income by outsourcing their trucks to other uses. E.g. In monsoon season due to low business activity at that time not using outsourcing trucks and deploy only own trucks which runs on fixed route and fixed contract which surety of fixed expense and income. Inventory management: TL provides a sound inventory system. They receive orders in the night and make despatches in the daytime. They forecast the warehouse space and transportation on a quarterly basis in order to know its requirements. Companies usually reserve their space in the warehouse depending upon the volume to be held in the warehouse. They have latest technology for loading and unloading 14 vehicles at a time. Information technology: TL has an extended use of computer systems to record various transactions happening inside. It maintains a separate database for each customer. TL is now in the process of developing a new IT integrated system that will open up new exits to the company. TL does have difficulties in providing different legacy systems, so they are planning to install a common platform on the web so that all its customers can be satisfied at a time. They are implementing barcode system to tracking goods(Frederick Ross, 1996) 2. Aims and Objective: We are learning about the issues of logistics management and for this purpose I am planning to take up the company Tolam Logistics as the main subject. Tentative research questions can be considered for this purpose is What are the main factors that affect the logistics management at TL, Do theories of logistics apply at the ground level?, How important is logistics in managing customer satisfaction?, What are the performance measures, costing methods and metrics used for logistics management?, Can modern communication technologies impact logistics management. 3. Theoretical Background: 3.1 Logistic Strategy and Planning: The supply chain strategy is main link to growth of business strategy and it should taking care of balance maintained between the cost and service offered by firm. As mentioned by Tompkins (1998), following factors have to be considered here, The customers and suppliers should be aligned in regard to the internal company operations. Companys inflow (Raw Material) and outflow (sales) should be maintained as per market demands and trends with the help of internal company operations likes collect, pickup, packaging, deliver etc. The marketing and sales plan should be aligned to meet the supply chain strategy means like E.g. For launching a new product in the market sales plan like marketing should be start after enough production flow carry on to fulfill the demand of market, If market trends change the immediately we have other strategy for product modification. The capital expenditure has to be aligned to the supply chain operations. E.g. Firm have enough capital for monthly fixed expense like production cost, sales, salary, rent, marketing and promotion cost etc. The HR structure has to be aligned to the supply chain E.g. HR structure have enough manpower to operate the production, sales and marketing etc dept. The supply chain has to be aligned in order to meet the investment policies. The supply chain has to be aligned in order to meet the growth targets. The supply chain has to be aligned in order to make room for expansion of the business. Logistic planning involves the use and management of all logistic resources in order to maintain the desired cost and service performance. The considerations include the inventory positioning, inventory levels, number of warehouses, types of warehouses, mode of carrier selection and so same will be forwarded. The company can decide on whether to deploy a high service method or a low cost service method. A high cost method deploys more warehouses, use fast delivery transportation and maintain high stock levels. This method of course is mostly trying to avoid the high cost. Whereas, a low cost service method gives value for cost by reducing the number of warehouses to one, use cheap transportation and maintain longer lead time in ordering stocks. Through improved warehouse design the cost of handling materials can be reduced to a great extent prior delivery goods arrange as to easily loading and unloading from trucks, by arranging direct vehicle loading of materials from the warehouse and implementing automated installations are two methods that can reduce handling material costs. By conducting an assessment of the transport costs and implementing the right choice by comparing current transport costs with that of the occurring standard rates can bring down transport costs to the minimize with routes selection, speed of vehicle, Regular maintained vehicle, road maps, uses the GPRS system to reach at delivery point. This type of logistic planning goes a long way in attaining the right logistic system. Company has to consider four main points while planning a logistic system; they are as stated above, customer service levels, facility location, inventory decisions and transportation decisions. These four levels are related to ea ch other and therefore integrated planning has to be considered. Planning here means designing the logistics network as a configuration of warehouses, production plants, selling areas, stocking-areas, transportation and information systems that aim at balancing an equilibrium between the overall costs and the revenue. Briefly idea for the logistic planning means the total cost concept should be studied to consider the supply chain.   3.2 Customer Service Strategy:   Supply chain is basically considered as a strategic concept that involves understanding and managing the sequence of activities -from supplier to customer-that add value to the product supply pipeline (Tompkins, 1998). The role of customers in the supply chain market is not incidental. Every company in this chain, irrespective of market size mainly they thankful to its customers as the fact is that in all profit of firm there are customers are in center whom to buy the goods and services produced by each one of them. This century marks the end of monopolies and therefore customers can make an array of choices. When customers decide not to buy products in a particular supply chain, then no doubt the company would collapse without earning any revenue for the expenses incurred in launching the product on the stage of saturation and decline stage. So, the supply chain should be structured in such a manner that there is a common link between the products as such and the end customer. It is because that the tastes of customers keep changing and their expectations goes on rising, when product cycle at saturation and decline stage at they began decreasing brand loyalty and put in for anything that attracts them. Thus the importation must be put on conducting effective market analysis to know the needs of different groups of customers to whom the offer is to be made. Its main aim is to polish its contact with the customers. The rationale behind this strategy is to improve services provided directly or indirectly to its customers and to use the information in the system for targeted marketing and sales purposes. A kind of metrics should be used to assess the customer service, like the companys ability to fill the orders in limited time or the delivery of the products on the due date. Other researches can be conducted to find out the reason for not delivering the products on the due date. There is no compromise for an act of negligence in meeting customer satisfaction as it is the customers who ultimately judge the life span of the company.  In todays fast growing economy, it is not the matter of fact that the big beat the small but it is the fast beats the slow and the accurate beats the inaccurate. Below are mentioned seven steps to reduce the fulfilment costs by improving customer service at the same time (Tompkins, 1998). According to him, the following points are important with regard to supply chains, Integrate with order entry system: In todays hyper competitive economy it is very difficult to maintain order fulfilment through the internet. Most of them placed through internets are managed poorly and which end in resulting distorting customer satisfaction due to delay in product delivery. Integrating a systematic order fulfilment process tends to reduce manual labour that saves time, increases profitability and customer satisfaction E.g. Order received in night and make delivery in the day time. Build in adaptability: Providing exceptional customer service has proved to be challenging in todays competitive environment. Companies can meet this challenge by proving to be adaptable with the customer wants makes changes in their orders right from the purchase and even upto and after shipment. This can prove to be successful as the customers can get what they want even if their product changes from the market. E.g. Tailor made transportation system like packaging facility as per weather. Confirm with bar codes: By changing the bar coding into an automated one ,the company can save a large amount of its time and energy and even implement perfection in planning as it presents real time data instead of mere projections. E.g. In the ware house material arranged with barcode easy to locate particular product with the barcode system we can easily shift goods as per priority of delivery and delivery places. Conducting automated pickings: Automated technologies are easily fulfills the needs of customer thereby increasing customer satisfaction and bringing in repeated business in a shorter time span. E.g. Goods collection from customer destination is one of good example of automated pickings its save time and money of customers which bringing repeated business. Automated shipping plans: Using automated shipping plan the workers can pick to a predesigned way of stacking the containers without going for trial and error methods. This saves a lot of time and energy of the workers engaged in stacking the containers and speeding the delivery with less expense than without ASP. E.g. Barcode system on containers and on the area of ware house which easily track the goods and easily stacking and speeding the delivery. Automate shipment verification: By applying automated verification together with automated picking and using bar codes, more time can be saved on packing, verifying and shipping process. Sourcing orders based on facility workload: Logistic managers should use the method of best utilize of space when multiple warehousing and distribution facilities are available in order to improve responsiveness and maximize flexibility. The above factors tend to make the shipment reach the customers more quickly and which therefore has a direct impact on their satisfaction levels. The standards of service provided to end customers should be determined and mentioned on top of the list. The remaining strategic decisions should also be taken considering the customers interests. Frohne, (2008), Organization has to adjusting the supply chain as such to meet the market demand and product features, Determining the relation model among the supply chain participants, Selecting the suppliers, Determining on the distribution channels, Adopting a specific method of stock holding, Determining the location and nature of the warehouse, Formulating guidelines in selecting the transportation. Taking a decision on any of the above mentioned factors without giving due consideration to the customer needs may seriously affect the implementation of the general strategies of the supply chain, as the strategies of the supply chain are competitive in nature that aimed at end customer satisfaction.    The focus of supply chain on the customers can be studied more explicitly using the Quick Response concept, which means identifying the demands and reacting to its changes as quickly as possible. This concept was developed in relation to textile industry in order to avoid losses due to change in demand. The QR nature is such that it assume in close cooperation with the supply chains by providing maximum satisfaction to its customers by reducing the costs to its minimum. This becomes material if the customers provide timely information to the suppliers regarding their demands and they make timely supply of the demand. This method would no doubt increase sales by reducing the costs by bringing in profit to all the supply chains involved. 3.3 Procurement management: Procurement is appropriate goods at best cost which fulfill the requirement of purchase with good quality, quantity, time and location. It is regarding the profit orientation fastest growing business firm rather than simple cost cutting measures. There is an old saying Goods well bought are half sold, this means that the success of an organisation depends on the efficiency of its purchasing department. If organization purchase good quality raw material then its increase the productivity of internal operation, quality of final goods, reduce the wastage. Buying dept and selling departments are interlinked, in other words if buying dept purchased goods without proper consultation with the sales department which knows the nature and trend of the market, then the sales department cannot succeed to sell the goods at a profit. E.g. if purchase department without consult with sales dept purchase water resists packaging material in monsoon season to purchase waterproof material for packaging its indirectly effect on business cost, time etc wastage. In monsoon season low business activity need low quantity of packaging material need to know quantity of material as well. Scientific purchasing methods should be adopted in order to purchase the right product at the right price and place, in right quantity and quality and from the right supplier. All these factors are interconnected. There is always confusion for all the concerns regarding what to buy, where and how to buy. All these problems can be solved by performing the following purchasing functions. Jones, James V., p82(2006) Planning the purchase of goods: The producer should decide on the required amount of stock of raw materials and parts that is to be purchased on the basis of expected volume of sales and the estimated rate of production. It has some sub functions that has to be followed to make the purchase effectively. They are preparation of the budget, determination of quantities to be ordered, stock turnover, consideration of effects of changes in fashion and price changes. Assembling: It means gathering goods from various sources and bringing them to the business place. E.g. Head office ordered for packaging material and store in warehouse then need to supply at all branches on right time. If goods received from japan to deliver at north London then japan branch send goods to main office at uk branch then they supplies to London branch and London branch supply to north london branch whom deliver it to customer. Locating the sources of supply: The buyers have to search for various sources of supply and maintain contact with them. In the selection of the suppliers, the buyers should consider the efficiency, rate and location, capacity of supply goods, goodwill and financial stability of the suppliers. It is always desirable to maintain liaison with two or more suppliers to ensure uninterrupted supply in case of non availability of raw material from one supplier buyer sure for available from another supplier and supply of raw material not interrupted. Market news: The buyers should be always aware of the market, the prices, the change in fashion, tastes and attitude of the customers should be updated. The launching of the product and their impact on the customers should also be monitored by survey of customers like-dislikes, market share, market trends etc. Negotiation of terms: After the above activities have been completed the buyer has to finalise on buying. For this he has to negotiate with the suppliers terms and conditions. Usual negotiations will be on the quality, quantity, price, discounts and terms of delivery. Transfer of title: Finally, immediately after the payment the buyer should get the title transferred in his name. He should get the relevant documents like final agreement copy, terms and condition letter, quotation etc in his custody. To take a quick look at how CEVA logistics a leading supply chain management company has tied up its hands with Ford, a global leader in the automotive world, proved to be a success. The operation is located closely to the plants proximity and provides small lot market consuming areas, container management and efficient transportation system. CEVA was awarded three awards for its efficient supply chain in providing customer satisfaction through maintaining quality, fast delivery and excellence in management from Ford. 3.4 Financial aspects of logistics: Financial managers have a responsibility to raise capital for maintaining inventory and also for the firms overall profitability. There is a global solution for low risk work. Once a company enters to do business globally its financial risks also arises. It needs to ask questions as to how it will get its money in business or whether the goods will be accepted only after the shipment. Companies can use various financial instruments that banks offer nowadays in the form of letter of credit and the like. The payment condition regulates the flow of goods or services in the logistic system and the mode of payment. Some of the common means of payment are way bills, letter of credit, commercial invoice etc. on the basis of payment conditions; banks have adopted a new means of payment under the term called financial engineering. These have proved to be very much useful in enabling the free of capital that is blocked in ventures and also reducing the time of funds being locked up in business . They also have to verify the terms and contract of payment with customer and what is fixed expense are occurred against payment method with customers. The currencies of various countries can also affect international logistics in many ways. These are foreign exchange control and risks of exchange associated with warehousing. This can be reduced by selecting specific company locations, countries that have a stable market for their currencies. By reducing the order processing time can also minimise the risks involved in exchange rate.    3.5 Packaging and Inventory Management   Packaging is technology of preparing goods for transportation, sales, warehousing, logistics, evaluate the design of product. Packaging is concerned with the planning, distribution, sals and storage etc. Packaging makes attractive to the end consumers the old product. It is a group effort of the designer, the researcher, the engineer, the marketing expert, the sales department and the top management. It should be designed in a systematic manner in order to achieve its very purpose (Voortman, 2004).  The various factors to be considered while taking packaging decisions are the size, colour, material, text, brand name, caption etc. In packaging designs the AIDAS formula (see Figure 1) has to be successfully implied. AIDAS represents five basic points. They are attention, interest, desire, action and satisfaction. These are very much important in the supply chain strategy which goes ultimately in meeting the customer needs. The need of packaging is to ensures the supply of right quant ity and quality of the product, to protects the product from any damage caused due to dust, mishandling, pilferage etc, to makes the handling of products conveniently, to facilitates the storage of products, to makes it convenient to distinguish our products from that of the others, to makes the product more attractive, to helps the customers to reuse the product for some other purposes Packaging holds a very important place in the supply chain logistic management. Only when the products are presented well the customers has an urge to buy it more frequently.   Fig. 1 AIDAS Source:- self 4. Inventory Management:    Inventory management aims to handle all function correctly with tracking and management of material. Inventory management is very wide definition like to replenishment lead time , carrying costs of inventory, asset management, forecasting, valuation, visibility, future inventory cost, space, quality etc. The ultimate aim of supply chain management is how well you manage your inventory. Manufacturers face a number of challenges which require not just exceptional planning but also an effective communication setup that keeps you updated at the spur of a moment. From rapid changes of customer demands, globalisation or even natural calamities can cause your inventory to be stuck up paving way for no wages to the employees. Therefore there should be a quick information system to discuss the inbound and outbound issues affecting the demand and supply. For this there should be a well managed supply chain inventory management in order to keep the business running without any interruptions (Bo wersox, 2000) There are benefits and risks of holding inventory as mentioned below, Avoiding risks of sale: If a desired amount of inventory are stored that are ready to be sold, can bring in return to the company. It can avoid losing its customers for non supply of products. Shelf-stocks are those products which are sold to its customers with little or no modifications; an example of such a product is automobiles. Quantity discount: When goods are purchased in bulk quantity the suppliers offer a discount. This is in fact helps the buyer to make a more margin in profit. Even sometimes suppliers are ready to supply goods on credit for time period like one week /month thats all capital invest in other source for time being help to cash cycle. Reducing ordering costs: Each time an order has to be placed it incurs certain expenses like mailing costs, typing, approving and the like, so if inventory is stored in bulk it can reduce the ordering costs to a great extend. Reducing the set up costs: Start up costs is incurred each time a product is produced. Maintaining large stocks of inventory helps in reducing the set up costs. Reducing risks of production shortage: If any part of a product is unavailable it may result in the production to stay at a halt. Therefore it is good to hold inventories to maintain sufficient flow of supply to the customers. Avoiding risks of holding inventories: Reduction or decline in the market price: It faces the risks of price cutting by competitors or the arrival of a new product. In such situations holding inventories in large    amount would only prove to be a loss for the holding firm. Also inventories more money on new product like advertisement, launching, promotion offers, discount schemes etc. Deterioration of the product: Product may get worse when it is held for longer periods. Obsolescence of the product: The product may become obsolete and outdated when the customers tastes and preferences change. While dealing with inventory management in the supply chain it is also advised to go through the costs of holding inventory. The costs associated with inventory are of two types; direct costs and indirect costs. The direct costs of holding inventory are the materials cost, ordering costs and carrying costs. The indirect costs of holding inventory are costs of funds tied up in inventory (opportunity cost) and the costs of running out of stock (stock-out cost) (Waters, 2003).   When critically evaluating the inventory management we can sum up the objectives like to ensure that the materials are available for production without interruption, To maintain sufficient stock of raw material in times of shortage, To ensure that inventory of finished goods are readily made available to meet the customer demands., To maintain a balance between the inventories., To prevent the inventory from deterioration by providing proper warehousing and insurance.   From the above mentioned points it is evaluated that inventory if not controlled properly may either way prove to be wastage to the concern. This has induced the need to find out techniques to control the inventory.   4.1 Economic Order Quantity: EOQ (see Figure 2) is the level where total demands of product is constant over and each new order is delivered in regularly when in the inventory is reach at zero level. It is important to note that only the right amount of the inventory has to be stored. EOQ means the determination of the right quantity to be purchased. A balance has to be maintained between the carrying costs and the ordering cost. EOQ is the point where the total cost of ordering and the cost of carrying the inventory would be the minimum. For EOQ we assume that the ordering cost, rate of demand, purchase price and delivery quantity are constant with fixed lead time. The main point here to be noted is whether you increase or decrease the purchase the total of all the costs should be maintained at a minimum (Stock, 1993). Fig. -2 Formulas for Economic Order Quantity. Source:- Google Image. 4.2 ABC analysis:   ABC analysis (See Figure 3) is a technique of exercising selective control over inventory items. It is a method of controlling material according to its value. Its a mechanism for impact on inventory cost by identifying items. A concern need not exercise the same degree of control over all materials. Materials of high value should be closely controlled than materials of low value. Accordingly, the materials will be grouped as A, B and C. A category material constitutes only a small percentage of the total items but they have the highest value. By category items constitutes a higher percentage of the total items but have only a medium value and the C category items constitutes the highest percentage in the total inventory but it has the lowest value. ABC analysis is based on the principles of Selective Inventory Management.   Fig-3 ABC Analysis. Source Google Image 4.3 Determination of Re-order level: Re-order level (See Figure 4) is that level of inventory at which the firm should place orders in order to maintain stock of the inventory. It is with regard to the timing of purchase. When orders are placed new products will reach the before it runs out of stock. Last minute order placing is not found here as the orders are placed slightly above the minimum stock level. The above techniques can go on a long way to control the sufficient inventory. As inventory forms the life blood of a concern not a minute carelessness can be made in maintaining adequate stock of inventory. As there is a supply chain all over the globe it is high time to forgo with traditional inventory management process and continuously manage inventory through the global supply chains to optimise the inventory. The excellence in supply chain is required to strike a balance between the lead times, budgets, inventory costs and the risks. In order to maintain optimum utilization of inventory it is necessary to balance the supply chain management against the business policies, changing market demands, risks and other constraints. It makes it important to know what inventories to carry, how, when and in what form.   Fig. -4 Diagram of Reorder Level. Source:- Google Image. 5. Physical Distribution and Monitoring Performance: 5.1 Warehousing   Another important area which forms an important part of the supply chains strategy is the provision of proper storage and warehousing facilities until the goods are ready to be consumed by the end customers. Its primary aim is controlling the movement and storage of goods until they are demanded in the market. Warehouse management system aids in supporting the associated areas like transportation, put away and picking (Frazelle, 2002). Here the warehousing systems can be managed in both ways either manually or automatically. In order to explain this much better an illustration is explained below. A UK based company is a manufacturer of books, cards, antiques and other souvenirs. The company has to ship its products to more than 500 destinations around the world. Now to know the challenge it has faced, it managed to build up its own warehouse of a 10,000 foot and used paper based system. All the products have to be located based on the colour or relying completely on the staffs employ ed there. But this system proved to be inefficient as there always raised confusion between the products as different products sometimes were of the same colour. This took up a lot of time and energy of the concern and they were piling up with shipments that were yet to be dispatched. This started to affect the concern both on its revenue as well as its customer satisfaction. It also led to the duplication of work as the same lists were printed twice. They recognised that th

Application Survey on Data Mining and Data Warehousing

Application Survey on Data Mining and Data Warehousing   Aishwarya.R Survey Report on Bank-Loan Risk Prediction Introduction Data Mining has been the most explored topic for the past decade and has given rise to several new enhancements and techniques in several industries. One such mind provoking arena of high interest is Credit Risk analysis or simply the Bank-loan risk prediction. It has been a pressing need for several banks these days to employ a Credit Risk Analysis simply to make sure that the money they invest to customers as a loan or any form is given to a legitimate customer who is capable of repaying and to avoid any other fraudulent scenarios. Several techniques in data mining have been explored to analyze the customers creditworthiness and a few will be analyzed and emphasized in the further sections. Discussion on Selected Papers In this Section, I have listed the journals, IEEE papers referenced for my study and analysis on Bank-loan risk prediction and categorized various factors for each in Table 1. Table 1. Sources used that focused on Bank-loan risk prediction using different data mining techniques References Objective Data Mining Techniques Employed Authors Number of Citations [1] SAS Enterprise Miner 5.3, Logistic Regression Model and Decision Tree employed in credit scoring models for assessing credit risk. Bee Wah Yap, Seng Huat Ong, Nor Huselina Mohamed Husain. 77 [2] Decision Tree model for credit assessments in a Bank. I Gusti Ngurah Narindra Mandala, Catharina Badra Nawangpalupia, FransiscusRian Praktiktoa. 15 [3] Predictive Modelling technique and NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes algorithm for loan risk assessment. Rob Gerritsen 34 [4] Multilayer Feed Forward Neural Network, Support Vector Machines, Genetic Programming, Logistic Regression, Group Method of Data Handling, Probabilistic Neural Network techniques for Financial Fraud assessment. P.Ravisankar, V.Ravi, G. Raghava Rao, I.Bose 147 Expert Systems with Applications: Using Data Mining to improve assessment of credit worthiness via credit scoring models Problem Description: Bee Wah Yap et al.[1] found a recreational club has been facing difficulties in identifying the defaulters who do not pay their monthly subscription fee causing a lot of chaos for the club to manage the funds effectively and divide the fund for any further activities or events in the club. The management decided to evaluate the credit worthiness of the club members by using the past members data as a data set and analyzed using three different data mining techniques in order to conclude the fittest of all[1]. Solution technology: Bee Wah Yap et al.[1] employed Credit scorecard model, logistic regression model and decision tree model using SAS ® Enterprise Miner, a diverse tool to employ several data mining techniques in order to improvise and identify the potential defaulters in the club. Solution Evaluation: Bee Wah Yap et al.[1] in the credit scorecard model, identified the various factors determining a defaulter based on their age, the number of dependents, the number of cars, district of address and most importantly the classification of defaulters and non-defaulters based on the payment status. They then obtained the Information Value as the summation of the probability of good attribute(applicable values from the old dataset taken for prediction) minus the probability of bad attribute(values from the old dataset that have no added value to be included in the prediction) and identified that values greater than 0.02 as admissible values of inclusion on the score card. They then identified the Stepwise selection method suitable of all the other Logistic Regression model and found a wide range of information and conclusions on the type of defaulters. Finally, they applied the Decision tree algorithm in order to classify an if-then rule for the large dataset into smaller segments and obtained the profile of defaulters. Based on the results he obtained from the above three techniques they had clearly identified that Decision Tree is by far a better approach for prediction although all three have no big difference and that Credit scoring model without adequate and proper data sets and old data could never perform well in prediction. Further Enhancements: The study has employed several techniques in order to justify a better model for prediction as a substitute for the Credit scoring model but has overlooked the fact that the data sets used throughout are from past customers which may or may not be legitimate way of prediction and definitely not a sensible way to conclude Decision Tree better over Credit scoring as neither of the arguments is valid and may vary when using a large amount of real-time data from the present to predict the future defaulters. Assessing Credit Risk: an Application of Data Mining in a Rural Bank Problem Description: I Gusti Ngurah Narindra Mandala et al.[2] felt that for rural banks to stay healthier, a certain benchmark has to be set on many factors out of which non-performing loan (NPL) factor played an important role. They identified that lower the NPL rate better the health of the rural bank. In order to employ this, they proposed that banks should approve only the right applicants and thereby increase the profit, credibility, and serve the improvements of their local community where such banks are most used. They were affirmative that banks with less than 5% of NPL are in better condition when compared to other with a greater value of NPL. Solution Technology: I Gusti Ngurah Narindra Mandala et al.[2] chose Decision Tree technique to be employed in a rural bank in Bali and scrutinized the various factors that are currently kept in consideration for lending loans to a customer. Solution Evaluation: I Gusti Ngurah Narindra Mandala et al.[2] found that the current NPL value of the rural bank of Bali is 11.99% very much higher than the expected value for a good performing bank. They made use of 84% of data from a sample data set of 1028 records for evaluation and determined approximately 13 parameters of consideration for evaluating the NPL customers. They developed a decision tree based on the existing parameters but reordered the determining factor as the collateral value and obtained an NPL of 3%, which by far is the most efficient a bank could perform. Further Enhancements: Although the above assessment and conclusion of a healthy bank seem appealing they could have employed a further emphasis on other factors that also contribute to a healthy bank / NPL and predicted the credibility further using various other Predictive and Descriptive modeling techniques which have better analysis and solution for the given scenario than what was obtained. Assessing Loan Risks: A Data Mining Case Study Problem Description: Rob Gerritsen [3] identified that if customers who could not pay their loans bank can be predicted before lending using data mining techniques then the information would be worthwhile. He found that USDAs Rural Housing Service has been lending money to people in the rural areas and USDA realized that the huge number of applicants who are being approved of the loan may or may not be capable of repaying the amount. Hence USDA decided to perform a data mining technique in order to gather the information and predict the vulnerabilities of the customers[3]. Solution Technology: Rob Gerritsen [3] decided to use Predictive Modeling Techniques along with the NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes algorithm to come up with a solution for the above problem. Solution Evaluation: Rob Gerritsen [3] was given a sample data of 12,000 based on the existing mortgages of single families and had to train the given data set using the model and then predict the future scenarios. So, he first classified the dataset and applied the NaÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes binning algorithm in order to divide the customer based on loan amounts that are to be paid by each. Initially, he found this ineffective as a huge amount of people fell into a single bin as the bin range values where continuous/uniform in distribution and hence difficult to identify precisely the original defaulters. He further organized the binning range distribution and made a decision tree from the results obtained to conclude the major factors of defaulters. Further Enhancements: Rob Gerritsen [3] himself has identified that the data set taken was too less to conclude the results and further, a wide range of dataset has to be taken along with further factors of consideration for USDA to obtain the verified solution for their problem. Decision Support System: Detection of financial statement fraud and feature selection using data mining techniques Problem Description: P. Ravisankar et al.[4] conducted a study on 202 Chinese companies using a variety of data mining techniques simply to conclude if the financial statements, income statements, cash flow, and various other factors if assimilated could give an better output from the companies and also decide if the loan has to be given to customers based on the results. Solution Technology: P. Ravisankar et al.[4] has employed a variety of data mining techniques namely Support Vector Machines (SVM), Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), Genetic Programming (GP), Logistic Regression (LR), Multilayer Feed Forward Neural Network (MLFF) and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). He made use of a number of techniques for the same datasets in order to identify the best solution for the above problem. Solution Evaluation P. Ravisankar et al.[4] identified that among the 202 Chinese companies taken as a data set 101 were Fraudulent and the remaining were Non-Fraudulent. He then applied the Genetic Algorithm to find the fitness function, SVM to obtain the permissible support vectors, GMDH to classify and obtain a Feed Forward network model(Polynomial Model), PNN and with or without Feature selection in order to obtain the features of fraudulent companies. He has clearly observed that among the several techniques used the main factors that have to be considered is the amount of dataset that is to be used should concede with the capability of the technique and with less time consumption for training and obtaining results from the dataset. Further Enhancements I would abide with P. Ravisankar et al.[4] conclusion of classifying with an if-then rule on the dataset and to apply other hybrid data mining techniques inorder to further enhance the solutions. REFERENCES Yap, B. W., Ong, S. H., Husain, N. H. M. (2011). Using data mining to improve assessment of credit worthiness via credit scoring models. Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 13274-13283. GustiNgurah Narindra Mandalaa, Catharina Badra Nawangpalupia*, FransiscusRian Praktiktoa Assessing Credit Risk: an Application of Data Mining in a Rural Bank / Procedia Economics and Finance 4 ( 2012 ) 406 412à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  . R. Gerritsen, Assessing loan risks: a data mining case study, IEEE IT Professional (1999) 16-21. P. Ravisankar, V. Ravi, G. Rao, I. Bose, Detection of financial statement fraud and feature selection using data mining techniques, Decision Support Systems 50 (2) (2011) 491-500. Question and Answers Why DM and DW technologies are becoming important tools for todays business world? Todays business world is a competitive environment where right decisions needs to be taken at right time by knowing the answers for what has happened and by predicting what will happen in the future. Data warehousing helps us to identify answers for questions like what, which and how through aggregations. Data mining known as KDD helps us to predict what can happen in future. This is done by discovering and analyzing the hidden patterns. Both DM and DW results are processed from large set of data records from either same or different data sources. What are the main differences between data mining, traditional statistics data analysis, and information retrieval? Data Mining is a process of obtaining a derived / discovering new information based on the existing information by observing the data, identifying the patterns and obtaining meaningful analytics that can be used in business. A traditional statistics data analysis is method of testing a proposed phenomenon or hypothesis to validate and provide a statistically significant data for accepting the outcome. Information Retrieval in simple terms is the process of collecting/retrieving required data from an existing information available in any form. How is data warehouse model different from a relational database model? Why DW technology is more advanced in supporting business management? Relational Database Model: Used for Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Data stored are generally a fact in a single operational database Tables are normalized SQL are used to query Data Warehouse Model: Used for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) Data stored in DW are generally consolidated data(aggregation) from multiple databases or sources Tables are de-normalized OLAP tools are used to query The key difference between DW model and relational database model is that, DW is a layer on top of other databases whereas relations database is a database itself. DW technology is more advanced in supporting business management because it provides quick answer for question like WHAT, WHICH and HOW which helps the management to act accordingly on making decisions. i.e. they are very faster in generating reports for answering the management queries. What are the main difference between using OLAP on DW and using SQL on traditional database for supporting business decision making? The main difference is that complex questions which involves multiple aggregations can be answered in ad-hoc environments (i.e. data from different sources) easily in faster way using OLAP on DW

I Will be an Asian Newscaster :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative

â€Å"This is Sandy Le, reporting from Channel 7 News.† In five years, I see myself as a newscaster broadcasting to my local Bay Area. I will be following in the footsteps of a well-known Vietnamese news anchor named Thuy Vu. She has helped open a door for other Vietnamese people to expand their career options in American society. As a newscaster, I will expand my knowledge of different cultures and take advantage of the many opportunities to learn about what lies outside my own community. Her inspiration will help me excel in this, my chosen career. Thuy Vu came from Vietnam. Traveling thousands of miles by boat, she escaped Vietnam with her family when Saigon fell to the communists toward the end of the Vietnam War. In America, she gained a general education and then went to UC Berkeley where she earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Rhetoric. She started her journalism career in public radio at KQED-FM in San Francisco, and then moved to National Public Radio. Eventually, she worked at several Bay Area news stations as a reporter. In August 2000, she joined ABC7 and became a co-anchor on Sunday Morning News at 7am and 9am. She also generously donates her time to community groups, often emceeing fundraisers, giving keynote speeches, or judging competitions. Over the years, she has received numerous awards from her hard work in radio and journalism, and was honored Best Reporter in the Bay Area by American Women in Radio and Television. She also won two national awards from the Asian American Journalists Association, one for a multi-part series on post-war life in her homeland of Vietnam. These were just a few awards among many that she has accumulated or have been nominated for. When I wanted to be a reporter, I noticed only a few Vietnamese working in the media. Eventually, I will want to contribute to the number of Vietnamese faces in the media with my own presence. I’ve always wanted to be a reporter who travels around discovering interesting stories about the community and bringing them to others’ attention. I find media communication is one of the best resources for expressing news and current events. I Will be an Asian Newscaster :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative â€Å"This is Sandy Le, reporting from Channel 7 News.† In five years, I see myself as a newscaster broadcasting to my local Bay Area. I will be following in the footsteps of a well-known Vietnamese news anchor named Thuy Vu. She has helped open a door for other Vietnamese people to expand their career options in American society. As a newscaster, I will expand my knowledge of different cultures and take advantage of the many opportunities to learn about what lies outside my own community. Her inspiration will help me excel in this, my chosen career. Thuy Vu came from Vietnam. Traveling thousands of miles by boat, she escaped Vietnam with her family when Saigon fell to the communists toward the end of the Vietnam War. In America, she gained a general education and then went to UC Berkeley where she earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Rhetoric. She started her journalism career in public radio at KQED-FM in San Francisco, and then moved to National Public Radio. Eventually, she worked at several Bay Area news stations as a reporter. In August 2000, she joined ABC7 and became a co-anchor on Sunday Morning News at 7am and 9am. She also generously donates her time to community groups, often emceeing fundraisers, giving keynote speeches, or judging competitions. Over the years, she has received numerous awards from her hard work in radio and journalism, and was honored Best Reporter in the Bay Area by American Women in Radio and Television. She also won two national awards from the Asian American Journalists Association, one for a multi-part series on post-war life in her homeland of Vietnam. These were just a few awards among many that she has accumulated or have been nominated for. When I wanted to be a reporter, I noticed only a few Vietnamese working in the media. Eventually, I will want to contribute to the number of Vietnamese faces in the media with my own presence. I’ve always wanted to be a reporter who travels around discovering interesting stories about the community and bringing them to others’ attention. I find media communication is one of the best resources for expressing news and current events.

Longitudes and Attitudes, by Thomas Friedman :: September 11th Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Longitudes and Attitudes†, written by Thomas Friedman, is a collection of columns, broken by September 11th’s great catastrophe and including material from his diary. The book displays his outstanding strengths as a commentator along with a few weaknesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Longitudes and Attitudes† is a collection of his more recent columns and a diary of supporting incidents. It relates to the theme that has consumed him in his career. This theme is given point by Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the attack of 9/11.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Tom Friedman went to work as a journalist in Beirut, Lebanon soon after securing a masters degree from Oxford University in Middle Eastern Studies. Employed by United Press International in 1978, he soon transferred to the New York Times and covered the Syrian destruction of that country’s own town of Hama, the Israeli Lebanese invasion, the massacre of Palestinians in refugee camps, the evacuation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, etc. In 1995, he became the foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times with carte blanche--unlimited travel budget and no supervision as to content. He has written two books and collected three Pulitzer Prizes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his current job, Friedman writes a 740-word column twice a week. It appears in many of the world’s newspapers and on the Web. This latest book, Longitudes and Attitudes, is a compendium of his more recent columns and a diary of supporting incidents. The text relates to the theme that has consumed him in his career: the failure of the Arab nation to develop, democratize, and compete properly with the West. This theme is given point by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the attack of 9/11.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedman’s ideas are presented primarily through many columns that he had written for he New York Times. Their datelines stretch from December 15, 2000 to April 20, 2003 and from Jerusalem, Israel to Peshawar, Pakistan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this book, Friedman presents a coherent picture of forces in the Middle East that have led to the Israeli- Palestinian confrontation and to bin Laden and his group of terrorists. Friedman’s articles describe meetings, discussions, and arguments he had with people at all levels of society through out the Middle East. From his extensive travels and through dynamic interactions with the people he derived intense insights into how 9/11 came about, why, and what should be done about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His arguments and conclusions are well thought through, so much that they draw opponents to reason with him.

ABO Blood Test to Determine Paternity Essay

The ABO blood test was used in this lab to test which of the three fathers is the blood father of Andrea. The blood test that is closely related to the blood type of Andrea is the respective blood father. Each blood sample was mixed with synthetic anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh to test for clotting or not. Father #3 and Andrea were the only subjects tested with Rh positive with all other subjects Rh negative, resulting in Father #3 as the blood father. Introduction Table 1: Possible Child Blood Types Table 1: Possible Child Blood Types The purpose of this lab is to determine which father is the blood father of the child. The mother, Andrea, and three other fathers were tested by their blood type and Rh factor to determine the blood father. The ABO blood test determines the blood type of subjects by the alleles IA, IB, and i. The blood alleles IA and IB are codominant over i, meaning both of the alleles are dominant over the recessive i. The antigen with the Rh factor is determined by D as dominant or d as recessive, with the Rh positive factor as dominant and the Rh negative factor as recessive. In the ABO blood test, synthetic blood samples and synthetic serum of Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-Rh are mixed respectively into a blood typing slide. If agglutination occurs as the samples are mixed, then the subject’s blood type is the respective A, B, or Rh factor. The father with the most closely related alleles with Andrea is the blood father by testing June, the mother, Andrea, and all the fathers. Methods The container vials with synthetic blood samples each are respectively the mother, the child, Father #1, Father #2, and Father #3. Each of the respective blood samples are used once ever round in the experiment. One of the blood samples is dropped into the blood typing slide under three labels; A, B, and Rh. After applying the blood sample, a drop of synthetic serum blue (anti-A) is dropped into well A. Synthetic serum yellow (anti-B) is dropped into well B. Synthetic serum clear (anti-Rh) is dropped into well Rh. Using the respective colored toothpicks, each well is stirred and checked for agglutination (clotting). The blood typing slide is washed and re-used for the next blood sample. Results Table 2: ABO Test results In Table 2, only Andrea and Father #3 showed agglutination when anti-Rh was mixed with their blood sample. The June and Andrea both showed clotting with anti-B serum. The child showed agglutination in all of the following serums. Table 3: Blood Group Determination Table Table 3 resulted with Andrea’s blood type assumed as AB negative. Father #3 was the only one with a positive blood type. The Child has a Rh group of Dd containing the recessive allele d due to her mother’s Rh group being homozygous recessive dd. Father #3 had a Rh group of D_ followed with an uknown allele because no known factor can support an exact second allele. Discussion Father #3 is the blood father of Andrea because in accordance to the lab results. Andrea was tested to have a blood type of AB positive and the mother as B negative. The only possible blood types of a blood father from the results are blood types AB positive or A positive. Only father #3 showed a matching blood type to the following possible blood types. The lab results supported the fact that father #3’s blood type was most closely related to Andrea’s blood type. References Q, R. (2010, January 5). Paternity testing using ABO blood types is impossible. Retrieved 2010, from Boston Paternity; The DNA Solution Blog: http://www.bostonpaternity.com/blog/paternity-testing-using-abo-blood-types-is-impossible/ Biology 240 Lab Handout, Lab 4: Multiple alleles and the ABO blood type